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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the usage of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or reputable individuals. Scientology. Though it has actually attained some credibility as a religion in numerous nations, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and an industrial enterprise.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field people it views as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of presence" may be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany like this (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet survey run by the presidential transition team obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or organization was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive techniques in addressing those it views as attempting to suppress them, known as Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable video game. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.